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style=\"outline: 0px; font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light; line-height: 1.8; letter-spacing: 2px; color: #000000; visibility: visible;\">\n\u003Csection style=\"outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; display: flex; flex-flow: row; text-align: center; justify-content: center;\">\n\u003Csection style=\"outline: 0px; display: inline-block; width: auto; vertical-align: top; min-width: 10%; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto; align-self: flex-start;\">\n\u003Csection style=\"outline: 0px;\">\u003C\u002Fsection>\n\u003C\u002Fsection>\n\u003C\u002Fsection>\n\u003Csection style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px;\">\u003C\u002Fsection>\n\u003Csection style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px;\">\n\u003Cp>     在沙特机遇这个系列中，我们已经通过两篇文章，为大家梳理了沙特发展的内外环境与基本面以及中国企业在沙特发展的优势和机遇。本篇文章中，我将为大家梳理企业出海沙特可能面临的困难与挑战，并提供参考方案。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>     在新一轮投资热潮的助推下，不少中国企业都把沙特业务提上了日程。然而，在出海过程中，我们难免会遇到一些合规要求和文化壁垒。想要实现真正的浪中淘金，安全合规、成本控制、本地融入等都是出海企业必须面对的挑战。在这里，我将结合自己在中东的工作经历，由浅入深的为大家梳理五大挑战，欢迎大家一起讨论、补充。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp> \u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"color: #236fa1;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">挑战一  鼓励长期经营，本地化倾向严重\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>     减少经济外流和吸引外资，是沙特政府对待外资一以贯之的态度，也可以说是一种本地化倾向。从沙特政府出台的一系列法律法规来看，沙特大多数项目鼓励长期发展与经营，未给“短期机会主义者”留有太大的生存空间。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    今年3月，沙特投资大臣法利赫（Khalid Al-Falih）在接受媒体采访时表示，沙政府将很快出台具体措施，对于在2023年将地区总部搬至利雅得并计划与政府签订合同的跨国企业给与税收减免优惠政策。而此前，沙特宣布从2024年开始停止与区域总部设在沙特以外国家的公司、机构或主权基金等签署合同。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    不仅如此，当地政府还对外企在沙特雇佣本国人设定了严格的配额。难点在于，我们的企业可能难以找到足够多的，符合要求的沙特本地雇员。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    因此在进入沙特市场之前，企业应当做好针对性评估，投机风险较大。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp> \u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"color: #236fa1;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">挑战二  宗教文化背景复杂 商业礼仪独特\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    与高度国际化的阿联酋不同，沙特阿拉伯曾长期处于相对封闭的状态。这意味着沙特的整体社会文化环境仍然相对保守。沙特的本地化，影响着当地政府的商业政策，例如沙特对外企在当地雇佣本国人设定了严格的配额。而对于我们来说，难点在于，我们的企业可能难以找到足够多的符合条件的沙特雇员。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    另外，宗教仍在沙特的文化中占据核心地位，塑造着人们的价值观和处世方式。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    例如：在沙特，由于宗教习惯，沙特员工需要在指定期间参加祷告等活动，商业活动或因此受到干扰。在日常交往中，年轻人则应向长辈表达尊敬，使用适当的头衔称呼对方。相似的行为方式也适于商业场合。当进行商务交流时，我们通常应首先接触和称呼最资深的人。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    我在和他们沟通的过程中还发现了一个有意思的现象，就是沙特人非常爱使用肢体语言，包括语调的变化和沉默。沉默通常表示正在思考，因此不用急着打破。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>     从上述情况来看，在进入沙特市场之前，中国企业的员工应当尽量接受必要的跨文化课程，尽可能多的获得关于沙特文化的基本知识，避免引发误会以至于造成商业损失。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp> \u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"color: #236fa1;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">挑战三  法律法规与工作习惯的不同\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    在实操中，企业最需避免的是由于法律知识不足而引起的损失。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    根据贸易促进委员会发布的相关资料，按照沙特《外国投资法》，外资企业可以在沙特国内成立全资子公司或分公司，享受沙特当地法人公司的同等待遇。但在实际运作中，《外国投资法》的相关规定较为笼统，沙特政府相关部门往往通过独立的规章制度对本国企业和国民给予更多保护，中资企业不易享受到实际意义上的同等待遇，须视情况委托沙特当地代理人或代理机构。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    因此，中国投资者应严格按照当地法律办事，签署投资合同前应咨询当地法律顾问，评估风险，必要时可向使馆经商处求助。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    据我了解，沙特的环保法也非常严格。比如在废水排放上，沙特环保法要求，排水时要先将水排入过滤池，过滤池要有一级、二级、三级等不同级别标准，达到沙特的水质要求才可以排入海中。为了规避被罚的情况，中国企业在设置预算的时候要把环保成本算入其中。\u003Cbr \u002F>    \u003Cbr \u002F>    另外，在当地办企业，对劳动环境和劳动法的深入研究也非常必要，这能帮助我们协调两国人之间工作习惯上的差异，也能避免触犯当地法律。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    例如，我们一般把周一至周五称为工作日，但这在沙特并不常见。沙特人一般从周日开始工作，到下一周的周四结束。周五和周六则是他们的休息日。另外沙特本地企业普遍执行8小时工作制，而根据沙特《劳动法》，中午12点到14点不属于室外劳动时间。在施工建造的过程中，要注意非穆斯林工人不能进入特定的宗教场所。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    此外，流程效率低也是中企普遍容易遇到的问题。客观来说，在我的工作过程中，这里推进事情与国内相比效率确实慢很多，当地工作人员或者服务部门没有办法给出具体的时间。而思维方式的不同和语言不通则加剧了这一问题。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    作为想要在当地长期经营的企业，有时候可能必须入乡随俗，或者聘用靠谱的当地代理机构来处理部分事宜。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cbr \u002F>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt; color: #236fa1;\">\u003Cstrong>挑战四  当地宏观经济和物流业风险\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    虽然我们对沙特的印象普遍是“多金”“土豪”，但创业者们必须注意到国际石油价格直接影响沙特的宏观经济市场，存在部分不稳定因素。在招商政策方面，由于沙特王室在本国拥有较大权力，因此沙特的招商政策会随王室的决定进行调整，企业需要着重注意其动向。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    另外，尽管沙特财力非常雄厚，其“2030年愿景”规划的规模非常巨大，但是沙特也存在很大的资金短缺问题。中国企业在参与类似的合作时，应衡量投资项目的可持续性，有可能沙特有些方面的金融支持和资金支持不能持续，投入的资金就会打水漂。虽然目前风险不是很大，但是这个问题是存在的，越到后期可能问题越突出。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    跨境电商主要面临的风险，包括消费者的消费能力（如果石油价格暴跌容易出现产品滞销和临时退货的现象，而沙特消费者倾向于货到付款）和物流风险。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    由于地处沙漠，沙特普遍存在地址不清、门牌号复杂的情况。在很多情况下，男主人不在家时，穆斯林女性也不便给陌生人开门，因而当地的快递包裹的妥投率平均较低。此外，突发事件也容易冲击当地物流，如中东地区经常由于地缘冲突导致航线停运。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cbr \u002F>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt; color: #236fa1;\">\u003Cstrong>挑战五  地缘政治因素\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    必须承认，沙特虽然开启了开放的步伐，但内部的政治环境也存在不稳定因素。沙特萨勒曼国王父子掌权以后，打破了沙特原来兄终弟及的传统政治和权力更替格局，导致内部有很强大的抵触力量，虽然目前力量都被压制住了，但是很难保证它不会再爆发。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    此外，身处当今世界地缘政治最复杂的中东地区，尽管沙特和伊朗缓和矛盾以后，沙特本土遭遇安全风险的机率大大降低，但未来恐还会面临极端主义带来的挑战。在这方面，中企要密切关注中东地区的政治经济形势，以及大国冲突带来的负面影响，做好风险防控措施。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp> \u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>    总的来说，沙特拥有广袤的市场，高歌猛进的发展让这片土地上涌现了大量商机。但同时，沙特也是高度考验企业能力的市场，这里充满多样性和挑战性。或许在如何避免踩坑上，我们没有一个万能的答案，但只要中国企业充分了解当地文化、遵循当地法律法规，同时努力营造建立良好的社会关系网，我们也必将在这里有所作为，有所收获。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fsection>\n\u003C\u002Fsection>\n\u003Cp style=\"display: none; line-height: 1.2;\"> \u003C\u002Fp>","2023-08-10 18:09:42","2026-07-03 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